Knockout the Secret Behind Why Baby’s Wake Up in Night

Initial weeks are very hectic for the newborns and their mothers, because in this phase, infants are trying to adapt the new things from the surrounding. Mom and other family members are engaged to bring their babies into the routine. The unusual sleep pattern of a child is the major dilemma which is exhausting for new moms. Typically, infants prefer to sleep a lot nearly up to 16 to 17 hours a day. Newborns belonging from the age group of 6 to 8 weeks spent their maximum time in sleeping and used to stay up hardly for 2 hours. Some infants possess less sleep pattern by birth. Their moms will stay up during the whole night to feed them, or to change their clothes as a result at the start of the day she looks tired. Many factors affect the toddlers sleep patterns. Few physiological or developmental possibilities behind the sleep arousal are listed below;

Reasons behind their Sleep Arousal
Unnecessary Sound
The instantaneous destructions caused by loud noise leads to rapid waking up of a toddler. Loud rings and high vibrations of mobile phones, unnecessary noise created while talking can also be the reason for sudden waking up of the baby.

Simple Illness
The simple health issues such as coughing, sneezing, and cold which makes breathing unease for suspects. So, this can affect baby naps.

Too Hot or Too Cold Temperature
Every human body requires proper environmental conditions to survive. At high temperature, the newborn starts sweating, and too much cold can make them chill. In such chilled environment, they are unable to sleep and stay awake for a longer time.

Uncomfortable Dressings
Tight dressings can make a child feel uncomfortable and consequently make them unable to sleep well.

Too Bright Lights
Some infants can sleep even in the bright light, but this is a problem to those who fail to fall asleep well under the bright light.

New Skills and Experimentation
As time passes newborns start acquiring few new skills and try them during night-time which keeps a baby awake for a longer period. If they are unable to sleep even after two hours or if you don’t force them to sleep, they get overtired, and it destroys their sleeping hours.

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Knockout the Secret Behind Why Baby’s Wake Up in Night

Look Before You Breastfeed Your Child

Since our early days, we have been taught that mother’s milk is the best food for a baby. It is definitely the best food undoubtedly and is also the only food for the newborns. Medical professionals all over the world say that mother should breastfeed a child until the age of two. Mother’s milk helps in both mental and physical growth of the child. In many poverty-prone countries, sometimes, mother’s milk is the only food they can afford to give to their children. Nowadays, researchers are saying that breastfeeding at the age of two or older can increase a child’s risk of severe dental caries by the time they reach the age of five and that too irrespective of how much sugar they are intaking.

To find the evidence behind such announcement by the researchers, scientists are undertaking various research and studies. Karen Glazer Peres if the University of Adelaide, Australia, and his colleagues made a study of data carrying the reports on 1,129 children who were born in 2004 in Pelotas, a community in Brazil with a public fluoridated water supply. The study revealed that children were breastfed and data on breastfeeding information was collected on the basis of three months, one year and two years old, while the sugar consumption data were collected when they were at the age of 2, 4 and 5.

As reported in the journal Pediatrics, children nearly by the age of five were observed to have severe early childhood caries, and researchers defined the condition as more decayed, missing or filled the tooth. Reports indicated that nearly half of the children examined had at least one tooth surface affected. One-quarter of the group was breastfed for at least two years of age, and they showed to have a higher number of teeth that were early decayed, missing or had a filling. Apparently, it indicated that their risk of having severe early childhood caries was almost 2.4 times higher to than those who were breastfed for only one year of age. Researchers found out that the babies who were breastfed for 13 to 23 months of age were mostly safe from dental caries.

Experiments were also performed to find out the impact of sugar consumption on children’s tooth decay. The results were found that sugar consumption was only associated with a greater risk of causing severe early childhood dental caries when it was compared between children who consumed the highest amount of the ones who consumed the least.

Analysis showed that prolonged breastfeeding stood as an independent risk for severe caries and decayed missing or filled teeth, but it has to be kept in mind that breastfeeding is an unquestioned ideal source of infant nutrition.

Look Before You Breastfeed Your Child

An Insight to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

In the modern world, everything is changing substantially. Significant changes are observed in all aspects of life style, eating habits, Medicine and Technology, Health and diseases. Nobody has time to look around for fitness and even don’t have a fair chance to take care of ourselves. This constant negligence can put us in danger. When we face any troubles then only we realize the side effects of modern life style. The question will arise in your mind that, why I am talking about all this? And what is the connection of lifestyle and PCOS?

Lifestyle and eating diet are responsible for most of the diseases. If we see the title, which is entirely related to PCOS in women. Nearly millions of women are suffering from the illness known as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). It is common ovarian disease condition where the female body develops multiple small cysts in her ovary. The ladies belonging from the age group of 20 to 30 years shows the signs of this disorder. Nowadays girls in menarche phase also observe some symptoms of PCOS.

Few Signs that Indicates PCOS in women

It is very common and natural to have hair on the body, but its volume may differ with gender. Having extra hair on the body is common for boys, but if the same will happen with girls, then it is the sign of PCOS. Similarly, irregular monthly period is one of the symptom for PCOS. The ladies who are suffering from PCOS produce multiple small cysts in their ovaries and fail to produce the fully fertile egg. It increases the size of ovaries which causes the difficulties in the process of pregnancy.

Specifically, the female with PCOS starts production of Androgen (testosterone) the male sex hormone which creates the hormonal imbalance in the body. It causes the problem of irregular periods along with impaired fertility, and acne. PCOS might also change the physical appearance of the female. The females with PCOS may suffer from the liver problems which alter the normal metabolic processes of liver, also changes the mood. The PCOS causes the fat accumulation around the visceral organs and leads to extreme weight gain in females.

Major Reasons for PCOS

To know the exact cause of the PCOS, many scientists have performed different studies, and then expert reach out to the conclusion that modern life style, genes, and hormones are responsible for PCOS. Previously, a lot of consequences was there about the PCOS. But recently, scientist have proved that the “11 oxygenated C19 steroids” class of androgen is mainly responsible for PCOS in females.

The abdominal fat tissue is the primary source of increasing levels of the hormone in the female body. Specifically, that female body develops the insulin resistant and increases the chances of getting diabetes and heart attacks. If the mother or sister has PCOS, then there are 50% chances of getting the same in their daughters too. 

Identification of PCOS

Some initial tests help to determine the PCOS such as the presence of excessive hair on the body. Another test like Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Thyroid test, etc. indicates the perfect idea of the health condition of the female. Pelvic Ultrasound is the mandatory technique followed by the physician to check the presence of cysts on the ovaries.

Interesting Tricks to Tackle PCOS

Right now, no specific treatment is available for the PCOS. But the early diagnosis and proper treatment help in a better way to reduce the symptoms and long-term complexities. The health experts suggest some important tips to tackle the PCOS.

Regular exercise reduces the problem to some extent. Walking is the simple workout performs the routine efficiently by any person. Healthy and proper food such as vegetables, nuts, fruits and whole grain diet also reduces the complexities of PCOS. Weight loss is the best alternative to overcome the PCOS, as it reduces the body fat and regulates ultimate hormonal balance.

In some cases, Doctors prescribe some medications like birth control pills to reduce the symptoms and regulate the menstrual cycle also increases the chances of pregnancy. Though these treatments are time consuming, but it is necessary to get proper treatment.

An Insight to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

A slight genetic rearrangement can save lives from Malaria

A revolutionary discovery by the researchers have proved that the most severe form of malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum,is linked with natural variation in human red blood cell genes.

Researchers from the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and their collaborators have recognized a genetic rearrangement of red blood cell‘glycophorin’ receptors that convokes a 40% reduced risk from severe malaria. This unravels new opportunities of research for malarial therapeutics.The study shows that large structural variations in human glycophorin genes, which are unusually common in Africa, are protective against this particularly fatal malarial disease caused by Plasmodium parasites.

According to the 2015 statistics, more than 200 million people a year are infected with malaria and the disease caused the deaths of nearly half a million people worldwide. The most widespread malarial parasite in Africa is Plasmodium falciparum; it is also the most dangeroustransmitted by mosquitoes.

The human red blood cells get infected by the Plasmodium parasites and then the parasite gainsan entry into the system via receptors on the cell surface. Earlier studies on natural resistance to malaria had implicated a section of human genome near to a bunch of receptor genes. These receptors ─glycophorins─lay on the surface of red blood cells and are amongst many receptors that bind the parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. However, the recent study shows that they could be involved in protection against malaria.

After a more detailed investigation in the glycophorin area of the genome, using all-new whole-genome sequence data from 765 volunteers in the Burkina Faso, Gambia, Cameroon and Tanzania, researchers undertook an analysis across the Gambia, Malawi and Kenya that included 4579 people who were hospitalized from severe malaria and 5310 individuals from the normal population. The study proved that people who have a particular rearrangement of the glycophorin genes had a 40% reduced risk of severe malaria.

It was indeed extremely challenging to study the glycophorin gene cluster and determine differences between the sequences of the three genes with confidence.The lead author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and University of Oxford,Professor Dominic Kwiatkowski, said:“We are starting to find that the glycophorin region of the genome has an important role in protecting people against malaria. Our discovery that a specific variant of glycophorin invasion receptors can give substantial protection against severe malaria will hopefully inspire further research on exactly how Plasmodium falciparum invade red blood cells. This could also help us discover novel parasite weaknesses that could be exploited in future interventions against this deadly disease.”

A slight genetic rearrangement can save lives from Malaria

Tissue Engineering For Heart Repair

The more you feel relaxed with issues around, the better you become at handling disruption in the state of the heart. Imagine losing control over the major unit of the metabolic sequence of the body? What will you do? The engineering department is no longer just about the technicalities of hardware, but can influence the living sense in humans and the animals. For example; Just like the Biomedical Engineering, we have Tissue Engineering; look into the body and you discover the unit diversification that came all together to form the whole system. The subject or course that specializes in taking care of the second state of the human formation is the so called, “Tissue Engineering”.

According to the third annual Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Symposium meeting, this took place at the University of Alabama at Birmingham last month. It was a gathering of reputed physicians and scientists who have the common goal of creating new tissues and new knowledge that can elevate the prevention or repair of heart attacks, and heart disease.

One of the discussion opened the door to generating heart chamber-specific cardiomyocytes gotten from the human induced pluripotent stem cells. These elements act similar to embryonic stem cells and have the potential of differentiating into any type of cell. The engineered heart tissue, which was derived from embryonic stem cell-derived of cardiac cells are placed into the hearts of heart attack patients to ensure the possibility of a successful tissue engineering approach. They also use single-cell RNA sequencing, which will show about 18 categories of cardiomyocytes in the heart, giving a clear difference in cell type and anatomical location. Not minding that these cells are derived from the same place.

The study of the cells of the tissue and in-depth knowledge of its component is simply focused on improving the life of the society. The patients in this category are expected to take a new relieving turn after a successful sequence of studies in their distinct issues.

In 2003 Cardiac progenitor cells were discovered. These cells can contribute to growth or repair injury in the heart. There is also the possibility of transforming adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. This enhances the field of tissue engineering possibly by using either pluripotent cells or specified progenitor cells for certain tissue lineages. The growth in this field provided the opportunity of discovering that cardiomyocytes that were gotten from induced pluripotent stem cells have few similarities with the normal adult cardiomyocytes, both in shape, size and function.

According to the researchers, they went through some improved steps like culturing of the derived cardiomyocytes in a Matrigel mattress by giving them hormone treatment which lasted for 14 days. This led to derived cardiomyocytes with greatly improved cell morphology, volume, and function. Through the research, they were able to remove the differences between normal adult cardiomyocytes and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

They also highlighted the outcome of subjecting the engineered heart valve tissue to cyclic flexure while growing it in a bioreactor. This lead to improved quality, quantity and distribution of collagen, making a clear difference from the tissue that is not mechanically stressed.

The immune cells in heart failure and cardiac remodeling plays an important role in denoting the distinct phases after a heart attack which includes dead tissue degradation and an acute inflammation. The healing or repair of the heart after an attack takes place between four to 14 days, but chronic ischemic heart failure can occur in weeks to months duration. In an experiment which detailed how specialized spleen macrophages from specifically marginal-zone metallophilic macrophages migrate to the heart after a certain period of heart attack and are very much required for heart repair to commence.

According to Bursa on giving a better understanding of how to grow the tissue from heart tissue progenitor cells, stated that this process allowed the formation of mature “Giga”. The growth takes up to 4 centimeters square and possibly have better propagation of heartbeat contractions, and also a spontaneous generation or formation of capillaries from smooth muscle cells and derived vascular endothelial. The experiment is carried out in pigs.

In 2003, researchers discovered that applying mesenchymal stem cells can lead to improvement in heart attack area and results in a better heart functioning, for which, the positive response starts as early as from 72 hours down the days of the complete cycle. Though, they’re experiencing a little engraftment and low survival of the stem cells. This record gave birth to the idea that has lingered from then till today, that revealed that stem cells work to biologically active factors that act on other cells, just like the way paracrine hormones have their effect, and limited to the vicinity of the gland secreting.

According to Joseph Wu, M.D., Ph.D., of Stanford University School of Medicine, professor of radiology, further explained that the heart cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells have extended possibilities such as being used to develop personalized medicine for cancer patients. He explained that some cancer patients are susceptible to a deadly cardiotoxicity if treated with the potent drug doxorubicin. Because of the black box warning on the drug, which is a high concern of the Food and Drug Administration. It was also possible to use a library of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes while associating specific phenotypes and genotypes with doxorubicin sensitivity, called as a “clinical trial in a dish.” This knowledge made it possible to look at the transcriptome profile of some patient-specific cardiomyocytes gotten from induced pluripotent stem cells which will add the ability to predict patient-specific drug safety and efficacy. This satisfies the definition of precision medicine, meaning; the right treatment at the right time for the right person.

Tissue Engineering For Heart Repair

Balanced Diet and Regular Exercise Curtails Colon Cancer

Healthy feeding is helpful when it comes to the good and stable state of health. To get the most out of health, then you need to add some exercise. Exercise helps to keep your body regulated and energize the immune system to be on alert against any form of malfunctioning. The disease that most people face is not because of inability to maintain balanced diet only, but the small time needed to resurrect the elements of defense was not properly given attention. So the small things needed to be done should be given attention to and on time. Colon cancer is the cancer of the lower part of the digestive system called the large Intestine or Colon.

People with the Lynch syndrome or genetic mutations have the higher risk of colon cancer and other cancers before the age of 50. This disease is hiked by Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a rare disorder that causes the development of thousands of polyps in the lining of the colon and rectum.If a colon cancer patient increases physical activity post treatment he/she stands a better chance of Survival. Quality and regular exercise reduce colon cancer by 50%.

In the US, colon cancer is found mostly in males. The factors for colon cancer and rectum colorectal cancer are long-standing ulcerative colitis, colon polyps, and genetic family history, but most colorectal cancers develop from polyps.

Healthy body weight, regular exercise and balanced diet with high whole grains, fruits and vegetables lowersthe risk of cancer recurrence or death to a significant level, according to UC San Francisco investigators.

Many of the symptoms of colon cancer are caused by different things away from cancer, such as hemorrhoids, infection, inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.

Even if you have these symptoms, it doesn’t mean you have cancer, but to stay on the safe side, you should go to the doctor so the cause can be found and treated on time.

In case you experience new states in bowel habits, for example,diarrhea, narrowing of the stool or constipation, which may last for more than a few days. Sometimes it feels like having a bowl but yet couldn’t be relieved after doing so rather you end up bleeding. You may experience blood in the stool or the dark one, cramping (abdominal pain), feeling tired or weak (fatigue), or unexpected weight loss

When you have these feelings, try to check yourself to be sure. But in most cases, it doesn’t mean you have colon cancer. Further studies are going on to see a way to stop the ailment from occurring at all. So many people who are victims of this disease do not get to know on time and in most cases cannot dictate what caused it except after some diagnoses in the hospitals. To avoid colon cancer you have to look out in time for the possible causes and better stay safe from the beginning than to run for a cure after it has become intense.

Balanced Diet and Regular Exercise Curtails Colon Cancer

CRISPR-Cas9 Technology: A Potential Game Changer in Medicine.

Over the years Bacteria and Achaea have been using a family of DNA sequences which contain scraps of DNA, left behind by various viruses and phages. This junk is utilized to recognize and destroy similar viruses during future attacks. This mechanism is now being exploited and is the base of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology.

CRISPR-Cas9 acts as an adaptive immune system which shields the bacteria from virus attack. The scrap sequences left behind by the virus are used as a guide by the Cas enzyme to detect and destroy the virus. This technology has revolutionized research in medicine, agriculture, life sciences, and the healthcare sector. There is a great deal of awe and fervor around this particular gene-editing technique in gene or cell therapies. CRISPR-Cas9 system allows us to insert, remove genes and repair disease triggering mutations.

The technique being in its nascent stage and has been adopted on adult animal. Scientists around the globe are using this system to study the mechanism of invasion of various life-threatening diseases. Scientists at Duke University have used this system to turn off a gene that controls cholesterol and has been able to reduce blood cholesterol in mice. Scientists have also, reported a modified version of a CRISPR-Cas9 system that modifies the action, of disease-related genes. The researchers determined that this system can be used in mice to treat few diseases.

Recently a group of scientist from UK has been granted the permission by their Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA), to alter DNA of human embryos in the first seven days post fertilization using CRISPR-Cas9 system. Although this is being debated extensively, researchers believe this is the first step to determine the causes of miscarriage in women. Understanding which genes play a role during the development of the embryo at this stage can radically increase IVF success rates in future.

Initially, studies suggest that the CRISPR-Cas9 system is safe and does not produce any unaccounted genetic mutations. However further stringent investigation is required to ensure the safety, practicality, and efficiency before even consideration of introducing this system to a clinical setting. Scientists see the future of this technique in possibly treating neurological ailments such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, maybe even in human patients in future.

CRISPR-Cas9 Technology: A Potential Game Changer in Medicine.

Implementation of Bioengineering to build Human Liver

Science and technology help for the better lifestyles. It has transformed human life more efficiently. We must agree with this as not even a single field is there where we don’t use technology. But still, research is ongoing for finding some new technologies by using previously available knowledge and techniques. If we think from the health point of view, is every person having better health? No, a lot of people are having various health problems. Some have serious diseases while some have dysfunction of the organs.

According to statistics, the world’s millions of populations are dying due to liver failure. The WHO calculates that 650 million people worldwide are suffering from the liver damage or liver diseases. On the global basis, one to two million deaths occur only because of liver related diseases. The liver is one of the principle body tissues, does nearly 500 body function and produces the variety of enzymes and proteins which are necessary for body growth. Defects in the liver create havoc in the entire human body.

Organ Transplantation

If we compare the number of liver damaged patients and the number of organ donors, then it is impossible to get a body part for each patient. And the treatment is also not cost-effective. Various committees are working to get organ donors. But still, many patients are dying in waiting list before an organ is available for them. The answer to this problem is to have a self-regulatory system where the cell can sustain itself by regulating all intracellular events.

Solution to the problem

Tissue engineering is the field where people studied a lot, which opens the gateways to overcome the liver failure. Stem cells playing an important role to solve this problem and pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells have the special characteristic of totipotency through which one can create the entire organ artificially. The only liver is the regenerative body tissue, due to the presence of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in it.

Takanori Takebe MD physician at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in the US said that “The ability to bioengineer transplantable liver and liver tissues would be a great benefit to people suffering from liver diseases who need new treatments to save their lives.”

The researchers revealed that the previously unknown network of genetic and molecular interference. The process of organ development requires this cross-linking. The process of organ development involves this cross-linking, and it gives an idea about the intercellular communication between the cells of developing liver buds. These cells include vascular cells, connective tissue cells, and hepatic cells.

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Is it Alzheimer’s disease, then what you should do?

You are walking down the lane towards your home and what if you can’t remember your own home address. Heard of the instance and you’re frightened, just imagine how do people manage who actually suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. Let’s have some brief idea about it, Alzheimer is a kind of dementia that causes problems with thinking, behavior and memory. Symptoms with time get worse even intervene daily tasks if not taken care of. Alzheimer’s is characterized by the accumulation of two types of protein in the brain: plaques (amyloid-beta) and tangles (tau). It destroys brain cells, which eventually takes people’s lives. Worldwide, nearly 44 million people have it, but only1-in-4 people are diagnosed.

Causes

Experts haven’t come up with any conclusion about the cause of Alzheimer. Researches are in progress, Dr. Gad Marshall, associate medical director of clinical trials at the Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital claims, “For 1% of all cases, there are three genes that determine definitively whether or not you will have Alzheimer’s, and all three relate to amyloid-beta production, which in these cases is likely the cause of Alzheimer’s.”

Factors that may increase the risk for developing it include Genetics, Cholinergic hypothesis, Amyloid hypothesis, Tau hypothesis and Other hypotheses, increasing age, a family history of the condition, previous severe head injuries, lifestyle factors and conditions associated with cardiovascular disease.

Dr. Stanley Prusiner, an American neuroscientist from the University of California at San Francisco, earned a Nobel Prize in 1997 for discovering all transmissible spongiform encephalopathy TSEs are caused by prions. Prions are a deadly and unstoppable form of protein that migrates, mutates, multiplies and kills with unparalleled efficiency.

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